Paper Edge Protectors Market by Product and Geography - Forecast and Analysis 2022-2026

Published: Mar 2022 Pages: 136 SKU: IRTNTR73009

The paper edge protectors market share is expected to increase by USD 620.75 million from 2021 to 2026, at a CAGR of 5.11%. This paper edge protectors market research report provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. The paper edge protectors market report also offers information on several market vendors, including Cascades Inc., CORDSTRAP BV, Crown Holdings Inc., Dongguan ZhongYueDa paper Co. Ltd., Eltete TPM Ltd, Inter-Pack LTD., Konfida Ambalaj Tekstil San. Tic. AS, Kunert Group, Napco National, North American Laminating and Converting Co., PACFORT, Packaging Corp of America, Primapack SAE, RAJAPACK Ltd., Romiley Board Mill, Smurfit Kappa Group, Sonoco Products Co., TRANSFORMACAO DE PAPEL E COMERCIO DE EMBALAGENS SA, VPK Group NV, and Yamaton Paper GmbH among others.  Furthermore, this report extensively covers paper edge protectors market segmentation by product (angular and round) and geography (APAC, Europe, North America, South America, and Middle East and Africa).

What will the Paper Edge Protectors Market Size be During the Forecast Period?

Download the Free Report Sample to Unlock the Paper Edge Protectors Market Size for the Forecast Period and Other Important Statistics

 

Paper Edge Protectors Market: Key Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

The rapid industrialization is notably driving the paper edge protectors market growth, although factors such as volatility in raw material prices may impede market growth. Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the paper edge protectors industry. The holistic analysis of the drivers will help in deducing end goals and refining marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge.

Key Paper Edge Protectors Market Driver

One of the key factors driving the global paper edge protectors market growth is rapid industrialization. In developed nations such as Europe and the Americas, industrialization is reaching its peak. For instance, in 2017, 72% and 89% of exports from the US and Germany, respectively, were manufactured goods. Rapid industrialization has helped China to become one of the world's fastest-growing economies in recent years. Moreover, by 2030, B2B spending in manufacturing in Africa is projected to reach USD 666.3 billion, and Africa is expected to become the world's next manufacturing hub. Rapid industrialization and subsequent increased export and import activities have increased the need for goods transportation in a safe and secure manner. This has subsequently increased the demand for safe packaging. This will drive the market growth during the forecast period.

Key Paper Edge Protectors Market Trend

Growing popularity of plastic-based paper edge protectors is one of the key paper edge protectors market trends that is expected to impact the industry positively in the forecast period. Paper is less resistant to heat in extreme temperatures, which has led vendors to discover new ways of manufacturing paper edge protectors. Thus, vendors are using plastics for manufacturing durable and sustainable paper edge protectors. These polymer resins, such as polypropylene, are easily available in the market and offered by many suppliers. As a result, end-users are also increasingly adopting plastic-based paper edge protectors. In addition, due to the use of polymers, less paper is used in manufacturing paper edge protectors. This makes the overall weight of the edge lesser and the final package being lighter. Such factors will support the market growth during the forecast years.

Key Paper Edge Protectors Market Challenge

One of the key challenges to the global paper edge protectors market growth is the volatility in raw material prices across regions, such as the Americas and APAC. Prices of these raw materials are dependent on factors such as changing economic conditions, fluctuations in currency rates and commodity prices, resource availability, and transportation costs. Other factors such as political unrest and instability, weather conditions, and natural disasters also impact the supply and demand pressure. In addition, the consolidation of suppliers will increase the price pressure from suppliers to vendors. Furthermore, since the market is highly competitive, most vendors compete in terms of price, and a slight change in product price can hamper the market share of vendors. Such factors can limit market growth in the coming years.

This paper edge protectors market analysis report also provides detailed information on other upcoming trends and challenges that will have a far-reaching effect on the market growth. The actionable insights on the trends and challenges will help companies evaluate and develop growth strategies for 2022-2026.

Parent Market Analysis

Technavio categorizes the global paper edge protectors market as a part of the global paper packaging industry. Our research report has extensively covered external factors influencing the parent market growth potential in the coming years, which will determine the levels of growth of the paper edge protectors market during the forecast period.

Who are the Major Paper Edge Protectors Market Vendors?

The report analyzes the market's competitive landscape and offers information on several market vendors, including:

 

  • Cascades Inc.
  • CORDSTRAP BV
  • Crown Holdings Inc.
  • Dongguan ZhongYueDa paper Co. Ltd.
  • Eltete TPM Ltd
  • Inter-Pack LTD.
  • Konfida Ambalaj Tekstil San. Tic. AS
  • Kunert Group
  • Napco National
  • North American Laminating and Converting Co.
  • PACFORT
  • Packaging Corp of America
  • Primapack SAE
  • RAJAPACK Ltd.
  • Romiley Board Mill
  • Smurfit Kappa Group
  • Sonoco Products Co.
  • TRANSFORMACAO DE PAPEL E COMERCIO DE EMBALAGENS SA
  • VPK Group NV
  • Yamaton Paper GmbH

 

This statistical study of the paper edge protectors market encompasses successful business strategies deployed by the key vendors. The paper edge protectors market is fragmented and the vendors are deploying growth strategies such as product innovation to compete in the market.

Product Insights and News

  • CORDSTRAP BV - The company offers paper edge protectors that include cord strap cargo edge protection products to protect shipped goods and plays an integral part in bundling and palletizing cargo. 
  • CORDSTRAP BV - Under the unified segment, the company manufactures and distributes corded polyester strapping, load securing systems, corded strapping, inflatable dunnage bags, and heavy-duty lashings. 

To make the most of the opportunities and recover from post COVID-19 impact, market vendors should focus more on the growth prospects in the fast-growing segments, while maintaining their positions in the slow-growing segments.

The paper edge protectors market forecast report offers in-depth insights into key vendor profiles. The profiles include information on the production, sustainability, and prospects of the leading companies.

Paper Edge Protectors Market Value Chain Analysis

Our report provides extensive information on the value chain analysis for the paper edge protectors market, which vendors can leverage to gain a competitive advantage during the forecast period. The end-to-end understanding of the value chain is essential in profit margin optimization and evaluation of business strategies. The data available in our value chain analysis segment can help vendors drive costs and enhance customer services during the forecast period.

Which are the Key Regions for Paper Edge Protectors Market?

For more insights on the market share of various regions Request for a FREE sample now!

46% of the market's growth will originate from APAC during the forecast period. China and Japan are the key markets for paper edge protectors in APAC. Market growth in this region will be faster than the growth of the market in other regions.

The significant increase in the adoption of sustainable packaging solutions owing to the growing popularity of online shopping will facilitate the paper edge protectors market growth in APAC over the forecast period. This market research report entails detailed information on the competitive intelligence, marketing gaps, and regional opportunities in store for vendors, which will assist in creating efficient business plans.

COVID Impact and Recovery Analysis

In 2020, the industrial activity in the region was adversely affected, owing to the outbreak of COVID-19. As of February 7, 2022, India recorded over 42.27 million COVID-19 cases and 502,905 associated deaths. Stringent lockdowns and social distancing regulations in 2020 led many business owners to shut down their facilities temporarily. The pandemic severely impacted the production of packaging solutions across many manufacturing industries. However, as the pandemic receded in 2021, the recovery of the industrial sector picked up pace in 2021. Thus, the paper edge protectors market is expected to see positive growth during the forecast period.

What are the Revenue-generating Product Segments in the Paper Edge Protectors Market?

To gain further insights on the market contribution of various segments Request for a FREE sample

The paper edge protectors market share growth by the angular segment will be significant during the forecast period. Angular paper edge protectors help keep loads stable and goods compact and safely anchored to the base and allow the stacking of multiple boxes, even very heavy ones, including multiple packages. These factors are increasing the adoption of angular paper edge protectors among end-users and will drive the growth of this segment during the forecast period.

This report provides an accurate prediction of the contribution of all the segments to the growth of the paper edge protectors market size and actionable market insights on post COVID-19 impact on each segment.

 

Paper Edge Protectors Market Scope

Report Coverage

Details

Page number

120

Base year

2021

Forecast period

2022-2026

Growth momentum & CAGR

Decelerate at a CAGR of 5.11%

Market growth 2022-2026

$ 620.75 million

Market structure

Fragmented

YoY growth (%)

5.66

Regional analysis

APAC, Europe, North America, South America, and Middle East and Africa

Performing market contribution

APAC at 46%

Key consumer countries

US, China, Japan, Germany, and UK

Competitive landscape

Leading companies, Competitive strategies, Consumer engagement scope

Key companies profiled

Cascades Inc., CORDSTRAP BV, Crown Holdings Inc., Dongguan ZhongYueDa paper Co. Ltd., Eltete TPM Ltd, Inter-Pack LTD., Konfida Ambalaj Tekstil San. Tic. AS, Kunert Group, Napco National, North American Laminating and Converting Co., PACFORT, Packaging Corp of America, Primapack SAE, RAJAPACK Ltd., Romiley Board Mill, Smurfit Kappa Group, Sonoco Products Co., TRANSFORMACAO DE PAPEL E COMERCIO DE EMBALAGENS SA, VPK Group NV, and Yamaton Paper GmbH

Market dynamics

Parent market analysis, Market growth inducers and obstacles, Fast-growing and slow-growing segment analysis, COVID 19 impact and recovery analysis and future consumer dynamics, Market condition analysis for forecast period

Customization purview

If our report has not included the data that you are looking for, you can reach out to our analysts and get segments customized.

Request for a FREE sample

What are the Key Data Covered in this Paper Edge Protectors Market Report?

  • CAGR of the market during the forecast period 2022-2026
  • Detailed information on factors that will drive paper edge protectors market growth during the next five years
  • Precise estimation of the paper edge protectors market size and its contribution to the parent market
  • Accurate predictions on upcoming trends and changes in consumer behavior
  • The growth of the paper edge protectors industry across APAC, Europe, North America, South America, and Middle East and Africa
  • A thorough analysis of the market's competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors
  • Comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of paper edge protectors market vendors

We can help! Our analysts can customize this report to meet your requirements. Get in touch

1 Executive Summary

  • 1.1 Market overview
    • Exhibit 01: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Overview
    • Exhibit 02: Executive Summary – Data Table on Market Overview
    • Exhibit 03: Executive Summary – Chart on Global Market Characteristics
    • Exhibit 04: Executive Summary – Chart on Market by Geography
    • Exhibit 05: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
    • Exhibit 06: Executive Summary – Chart on Incremental Growth
    • Exhibit 07: Executive Summary – Data Table on Incremental Growth
    • Exhibit 08: Executive Summary – Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2 Market Landscape

  • 2.1 Market ecosystem
    • Exhibit 09: Parent market
    • Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics

3 Market Sizing

  • 3.1 Market definition
    • Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
  • 3.2 Market segment analysis
    • Exhibit 12: Market segments
  • 3.3 Market size 2021
    • 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)

    4 Five Forces Analysis

    • 4.1 Five forces summary
      • Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between2021 and 2026
    • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
      • Exhibit 18: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers – Impact of key factors 2021 and 2026
    • 4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
      • Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
    • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
      • Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
    • 4.5 Threat of substitutes
      • Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
    • 4.6 Threat of rivalry
      • Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry – Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
    • 4.7 Market condition
      • Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026

    5 Market Segmentation by Product

    • 5.1 Market segments
      • Exhibit 24: Chart on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 25: Data Table on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
    • 5.2 Comparison by Product
      • Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by Product
      • Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by Product
    • 5.3 Angular - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 28: Chart on Angular - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 29: Data Table on Angular - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 30: Chart on Angular - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 31: Data Table on Angular - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 5.4 Round - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 32: Chart on Round - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 33: Data Table on Round - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 34: Chart on Round - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 35: Data Table on Round - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 5.5 Market opportunity by Product
      • Exhibit 36: Market opportunity by Product ($ million)

    6 Customer Landscape

    • 6.1 Customer landscape overview
      • Exhibit 37: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

    7 Geographic Landscape

    • 7.1 Geographic segmentation
      • Exhibit 38: Chart on Market share by geography 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 39: Data Table on Market share by geography 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.2 Geographic comparison
      • Exhibit 40: Chart on Geographic comparison
      • Exhibit 41: Data Table on Geographic comparison
    • 7.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 42: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 43: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 44: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 45: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 46: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 47: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 48: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 49: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.5 North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 50: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 51: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 52: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 53: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 54: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 55: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 56: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 57: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 58: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 59: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 60: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 61: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.8 China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 62: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 63: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 64: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 65: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.9 US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 66: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 67: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 68: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 69: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.10 Japan - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 70: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 71: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 72: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 73: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 74: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 75: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 76: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 77: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.12 UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
      • Exhibit 78: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 79: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
      • Exhibit 80: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
      • Exhibit 81: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
    • 7.13 Market opportunity by geography
      • Exhibit 82: Market opportunity by geography ($ million)

    8 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

    • 8.1 Market drivers
      • 8.2 Market challenges
        • 8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
          • Exhibit 83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
        • 8.4 Market trends

          9 Vendor Landscape

          • 9.1 Overview
            • 9.2 Vendor landscape
              • Exhibit 84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
            • 9.3 Landscape disruption
              • Exhibit 85: Overview on factors of disruption
            • 9.4 Industry risks
              • Exhibit 86: Impact of key risks on business

            10 Vendor Analysis

            • 10.1 Vendors covered
              • Exhibit 87: Vendors covered
            • 10.2 Market positioning of vendors
              • Exhibit 88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
            • 10.3 CORDSTRAP BV
              • Exhibit 89: CORDSTRAP BV - Overview
              • Exhibit 90: CORDSTRAP BV - Product / Service
              • Exhibit 91: CORDSTRAP BV - Key offerings
            • 10.4 Crown Holdings Inc.
              • Exhibit 92: Crown Holdings Inc. - Overview
              • Exhibit 93: Crown Holdings Inc. - Business segments
              • Exhibit 94: Crown Holdings Inc. - Key offerings
              • Exhibit 95: Crown Holdings Inc. - Segment focus
            • 10.5 Konfida Ambalaj Tekstil San. Tic. AS
              • Exhibit 96: Konfida Ambalaj Tekstil San. Tic. AS - Overview
              • Exhibit 97: Konfida Ambalaj Tekstil San. Tic. AS - Product / Service
              • Exhibit 98: Konfida Ambalaj Tekstil San. Tic. AS - Key offerings
            • 10.6 Kunert Group
              • Exhibit 99: Kunert Group - Overview
              • Exhibit 100: Kunert Group - Product / Service
              • Exhibit 101: Kunert Group - Key offerings
            • 10.7 North American Laminating and Converting Co.
              • Exhibit 102: North American Laminating and Converting Co. - Overview
              • Exhibit 103: North American Laminating and Converting Co. - Product / Service
              • Exhibit 104: North American Laminating and Converting Co. - Key offerings
            • 10.8 Packaging Corp of America
              • Exhibit 105: Packaging Corp of America - Overview
              • Exhibit 106: Packaging Corp of America - Business segments
              • Exhibit 107: Packaging Corp of America - Key news
              • Exhibit 108: Packaging Corp of America - Key offerings
              • Exhibit 109: Packaging Corp of America - Segment focus
            • 10.9 Primapack SAE
              • Exhibit 110: Primapack SAE - Overview
              • Exhibit 111: Primapack SAE - Product / Service
              • Exhibit 112: Primapack SAE - Key offerings
            • 10.10 Smurfit Kappa Group
              • Exhibit 113: Smurfit Kappa Group - Overview
              • Exhibit 114: Smurfit Kappa Group - Business segments
              • Exhibit 115: Smurfit Kappa Group - Key news
              • Exhibit 116: Smurfit Kappa Group - Key offerings
              • Exhibit 117: Smurfit Kappa Group - Segment focus
            • 10.11 Sonoco Products Co.
              • Exhibit 118: Sonoco Products Co. - Overview
              • Exhibit 119: Sonoco Products Co. - Business segments
              • Exhibit 120: Sonoco Products Co. - Key offerings
              • Exhibit 121: Sonoco Products Co. - Segment focus
            • 10.12 VPK Group NV
              • Exhibit 122: VPK Group NV - Overview
              • Exhibit 123: VPK Group NV - Product / Service
              • Exhibit 124: VPK Group NV - Key offerings

            11 Appendix

            • 11.1 Scope of the report
              • 11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
                • Exhibit 125: Inclusions checklist
                • Exhibit 126: Exclusions checklist
              • 11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
                • Exhibit 127: Currency conversion rates for US$
              • 11.4 Research methodology
                • Exhibit 128: Research methodology
                • Exhibit 129: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
                • Exhibit 130: Information sources
              • 11.5 List of abbreviations
                • Exhibit 131: List of abbreviations

              Research Framework

              Technavio presents a detailed picture of the market by way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources. The analysts have presented the various facets of the market with a particular focus on identifying the key industry influencers. The data thus presented is comprehensive, reliable, and the result of extensive research, both primary and secondary.

              INFORMATION SOURCES

              Primary sources

              • Manufacturers and suppliers
              • Channel partners
              • Industry experts
              • Strategic decision makers

              Secondary sources

              • Industry journals and periodicals
              • Government data
              • Financial reports of key industry players
              • Historical data
              • Press releases

              DATA ANALYSIS

              Data Synthesis

              • Collation of data
              • Estimation of key figures
              • Analysis of derived insights

              Data Validation

              • Triangulation with data models
              • Reference against proprietary databases
              • Corroboration with industry experts

              REPORT WRITING

              Qualitative

              • Market drivers
              • Market challenges
              • Market trends
              • Five forces analysis

              Quantitative

              • Market size and forecast
              • Market segmentation
              • Geographical insights
              • Competitive landscape

              PURCHASE FULL REPORT OF

              paper edge protectors market

              Key Questions Answered

              • What are the key global market and the regional market share?
              • What are the revenue-generating key market segments?
              • What are the key factors driving and challenging this market’s growth?
              • Who are the key market vendors and their growth strategies?
              • What are the latest trends influencing the growth of this market?
              • What are the variables influencing the market growth in the primary regions?
              • What are the factors influencing the growth of the parent market?

              Why should you prefer Technavio's market insights report?

              • Off-the-shelf research reports
              • Reports can be tailored to meet the customer's needs
              • Trusted by more than 100 fortune 500 organizations
              • Information about the market's key drivers, trends, and challenges
              • Parent market analysis
              • Every week, 50,000 people visit our subscription platform
              • Detailed vendors report with competitive landscape
              • Covid-19 impact and recovery analysis
              • Data on revenue-generating market segments
              • Details on the market shares of various regions
              • Five-force market analysis