Southeast Asia Lead-Acid Battery Market Size 2025-2029
The Southeast Asia lead-acid battery market size is forecast to increase by USD 1.3 billion at a CAGR of 6.8% between 2024 and 2029.
- The lead-acid battery market is experiencing substantial growth due to several key factors. One significant trend driving market expansion is the increasing demand for lead-acid batteries In the automotive sector, as the industry continues to grow. Additionally, the rising adoption of microgrids has boosted the demand for these batteries due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness. Nickel batteries and zinc batteries are gaining traction due to their unique features, but lead batteries remain competitive. However, the market also faces challenges, including the drawbacks of lead-acid batteries such as their limited cycle life and heavy weight. Despite these challenges, the market is expected to continue growing as advancements in technology aim to address these issues and improve the overall efficiency and performance of lead-acid batteries.
What will be the Size of the market During the Forecast Period?

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- The lead-acid battery market is experiencing significant growth due to increasing demand from sustainable transportation applications, such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles, and hyperscale data centers requiring power electronics. Recycling of lead batteries is a key trend, contributing to the market's sustainability and reducing environmental impact. Energy efficiency and management systems are also driving demand, particularly in electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Lead batteries continue to dominate the market, with engineering and manufacturing advancements enhancing performance and safety.
- Moreover, renewable energy storage and grid-scale energy storage applications are expanding opportunities for lead acid batteries. SLI batteries, UPS batteries, and maintenance and testing services are essential components of the market. Charging technologies, including flooded, sealed, and charging systems for solar energy, are advancing to meet the evolving needs of various industries. Safety, science, and standards are crucial considerations In the lead acid battery market, ensuring reliable and efficient energy storage solutions for the energy transition.
How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?
The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in "USD billion" for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.
- Type
- FLA batteries
- VRLA batteries
- Application
- Automotive
- Industrial
- Others
- Geography
- Southeast Asia
- Singapore
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Rest of Southeast Asia
By Type Insights
- The FLA batteries segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.
The market is primarily driven by the use of flooded lead-acid batteries in automotive, industrial, and standby power systems. These batteries, known for their affordability and reliability, are widely adopted for various energy storage applications, including automobiles, renewable energy, and backup power solutions. The expanding automotive and industrial sectors in Southeast Asia, where flooded lead-acid batteries are extensively utilized, are fueling market growth. Major manufacturers like GS Yuasa, Exide, and Century Batteries cater to the region's diverse energy storage needs by producing and supplying customized flooded lead-acid batteries. The flooded method's proven performance, economic viability, and adaptability to a broad range of applications make it the preferred technology in Southeast Asia's evolving energy landscape.

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Market Dynamics
Our Southeast Asia Lead-Acid Battery Market researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.
What are the key market drivers leading to the rise in adoption of Southeast Asia Lead-Acid Battery Market?
Significant growth in automotive market is the key driver of the market.
- The lead-acid battery market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and the expanding energy storage applications in various industries. Lead-acid batteries continue to dominate the automotive sector as the primary power source for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) systems in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. In the transportation industry, lead-acid batteries are also used in electric automobiles, e-bikes, and motorcycles, as well as in automotive equipment and off-grid power generation. Beyond automotive applications, lead-acid batteries are widely used in data centers and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems for energy storage.
- Moreover, they are also employed in material handling equipment, lighting systems, and renewable energy applications as a reliable energy source. The market for lead-acid batteries is further boosted by their long shelf life, resistance to vibration, and ability to withstand terminal corrosion. In the energy storage sector, lead-acid batteries are used for backup power in corporate offices, healthcare facilities, and other commercial applications. They are also employed in off-grid power generation and grid energy storage devices, providing stability to the electricity generation and distribution grid. With advancements in multi-stage charging technology and the use of carbon additives, the cycle life of lead-acid batteries has been extended, making them a cost-effective and efficient energy storage solution.
What are the market trends shaping the Southeast Asia Lead-Acid Battery Market?
Increase in demand for lead-acid batteries owing to rising adoption of microgrids is the upcoming trend In the market.
- The Lead-Acid battery market encompasses various applications, including electric vehicles (EVs), data centers, energy storage, vehicle manufacturing, and portable electronics. In the transportation industry, Lead-Acid batteries are extensively used in Starting, Lighting, and Ignition (SLI) systems, commercial vehicles, e-bikes, and automotive equipment. In the energy sector, these batteries are employed in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, lighting, off-grid power generation, and renewable energy storage. Despite the growing popularity of Lithium-Ion batteries, Lead-Acid batteries continue to dominate the market due to their low cost, reliability, and long shelf life. However, they face challenges such as self-discharge, terminal corrosion, and vibration.
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Moreover, they are also used in UPS systems for corporate offices, internet traffic routing, and other critical applications. Therefore, the Lead-Acid battery market is diverse and dynamic, with applications ranging from transportation to energy storage and backup power. Despite the challenges, Lead-Acid batteries continue to be a preferred choice due to their reliability, low cost, and long shelf life. The market is expected to grow due to the increasing demand for energy storage and backup power, particularly In the renewable energy sector.
What challenges does Southeast Asia Lead-Acid Battery Market face during the growth?
Drawbacks of lead-acid batteries is a key challenge affecting the market growth.
- Lead-acid batteries remain a prominent choice In the battery market due to their cost-effectiveness and mature technology, despite the risks associated with their toxic lead oxide content. The automotive industry's expansion and the growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) have fueled the market's growth, with lead-acid batteries serving as a primary energy source for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) systems in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. In addition, lead-acid batteries are widely used in data centers for energy storage, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, and telecommunications, as well as in material handling equipment and portable electronics. However, concerns over lead-acid batteries' self-discharge, terminal corrosion, and vibration have led to research and development efforts to improve their cycle life and efficiency.
- In addition, lithium batteries have emerged as a viable alternative in some applications due to their higher energy density and longer cycle life. Nevertheless, the high cost of lithium batteries and the need for specialized charging infrastructure limit their widespread adoption. In industries where lead-acid batteries are the most cost-effective option, such as vehicle manufacturing, healthcare, and off-grid power generation, efforts are being made to mitigate the environmental and health risks associated with lead-acid batteries. Carbon additives and multi-stage charging techniques are being used to reduce lead oxide emissions and improve battery performance. The transportation industry, including automobiles, e-bikes, and motorcycles, continues to be a significant market for lead-acid batteries due to their reliability and affordability.
Exclusive Customer Landscape
The market forecasting report includes the adoption lifecycle of the market, covering from the innovator's stage to the laggard's stage. It focuses on adoption rates in different regions based on penetration. Furthermore, the market report also includes key purchase criteria and drivers of price sensitivity to help companies evaluate and develop their market growth analysis strategies.

Customer Landscape
Key Companies & Market Insights
Companies are implementing various strategies, such as strategic alliances, market forecast, partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, geographical expansion, and product/service launches, to enhance their presence In the market.
Accumulatorenwerke HOPPECKE Carl Zoellner and Sohn GmbH - The company offers lead-acid battery such as trak uplift impulse, trak uplift, and trak uplift save.
The market research and growth report includes detailed analyses of the competitive landscape of the market and information about key companies, including:
- ACE Green Recycling Inc.
- C and D Technologies Inc.
- Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Ltd.
- East Penn Manufacturing Co. Inc.
- EnerSys
- Exide Industries Ltd.
- Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd.
- Gravita India Ltd.
- GS Yuasa International Ltd.
- Hankook Tire and Technology Co. Ltd.
- Johnson Controls International Plc
- Leoch International Technology Ltd.
- Narada Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.
- Panasonic Holdings Corp.
- PT Century Batteries Indonesia
- PT New Indobatt Energy Nusantara
- PT Selatan Jadi Jaya
- PT. Tri Mega Baterindo
- PT Trimitra Baterai Prakasa
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of companies has been conducted to help clients understand the wider business environment as well as the strengths and weaknesses of key market players. Data is qualitatively analyzed to categorize companies as pure play, category-focused, industry-focused, and diversified; it is quantitatively analyzed to categorize companies as dominant, leading, strong, tentative, and weak.
Research Analyst Overview
Lead-acid batteries have been a mainstay in various industries for decades due to their reliability and affordability. These rechargeable batteries are widely used in a range of applications, from starting internal combustion engines in passenger cars to providing backup power in data centers and powering electric vehicles (EVs) and electric bikes (e-bikes). The lead-acid battery market encompasses several types, including flooded lead-acid batteries, sealed lead-acid batteries (SLI), and absorbed glass mat (AGM) batteries. Flooded lead-acid batteries require regular maintenance, while SLI and AGM batteries are maintenance-free. Lead-acid batteries are commonly used In the transportation industry for starting, lighting, and ignition systems in passenger cars.
In addition, they are increasingly being adopted for EVs and hybrid vehicles as an energy source. The automotive sector's shift towards electrification is expected to drive the demand for lead-acid batteries In the coming years. Beyond transportation, lead-acid batteries are also used extensively in other industries. In the energy sector, they are used for energy storage in data centers, renewable energy systems, and off-grid power generation. In industrial applications, they are used for material handling equipment, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, and lighting. Lead-acid batteries are also used in various commercial vehicles, including buses, trucks, and commercial aircraft.
Furthermore, in the healthcare sector, they are used for backup power in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. In addition, they are used in various off-grid applications, such as telecommunications towers and remote power systems. Despite their widespread use, lead-acid batteries have some challenges. They have a higher self-discharge rate compared to lithium-ion batteries, which can reduce their efficiency and lifespan. Terminal corrosion and vibration are also common issues that can affect their performance. The lead-acid battery market is expected to grow In the coming years due to the increasing demand for reliable and affordable energy storage solutions. The market is driven by various factors, including the growing adoption of renewable energy, the increasing demand for backup power, and the shift towards electrification In the transportation industry.
Therefore, lead-acid batteries continue to play a crucial role in various industries due to their reliability, affordability, and versatility. While they have some challenges, ongoing research and development efforts are focused on improving their performance and efficiency. The lead-acid battery market is expected to grow In the coming years, driven by the increasing demand for reliable and affordable energy storage solutions.
Market Scope
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Report Coverage
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Details
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Page number
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176
|
Base year
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2024
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Historic period
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2019-2023 |
Forecast period
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2025-2029
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Growth momentum & CAGR
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Accelerate at a CAGR of 6.8%
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Market growth 2025-2029
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USD 1.3 billion
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Market structure
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Fragmented
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YoY growth 2024-2025(%)
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6.3
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Competitive landscape
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Leading Companies, Market Positioning of Companies, Competitive Strategies, and Industry Risks
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What are the Key Data Covered in this Market Research and Growth Report?
- CAGR of the market during the forecast period
- Detailed information on factors that will drive the market growth and forecasting between 2025 and 2029
- Precise estimation of the size of the market and its contribution of the market in focus to the parent market
- Accurate predictions about upcoming market growth and trends and changes in consumer behaviour
- Growth of the market across Southeast Asia
- Thorough analysis of the market's competitive landscape and detailed information about companies
- Comprehensive analysis of factors that will challenge the growth of market companies
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1 Executive Summary
- 1.1 Market overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
- Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market by Geography
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
- Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
- Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
- Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Technavio Analysis
- 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
- 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 2.3 Factors of disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
3 Market Landscape
- 3.1 Market ecosystem
- Parent Market
- Data Table on - Parent Market
- 3.2 Market characteristics
- Market characteristics analysis
4 Market Sizing
- 4.1 Market definition
- Offerings of companies included in the market definition
- 4.2 Market segment analysis
- 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
- Chart on Southeast Asia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Regional - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Southeast Asia: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Regional - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
5 Historic Market Size
- 5.1 Lead-Acid Battery Market in Southeast Asia 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Data Table on Lead-Acid Battery Market in Southeast Asia 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.2 Type segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.3 Application segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Application Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
- 5.4 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
- Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
6 Qualitative Analysis
- 6.1 Impact of AI on the Lead-acid Battery Market in Southeast Asia
7 Five Forces Analysis
- 7.1 Five forces summary
- Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
- 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
- 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.4 Threat of new entrants
- Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.5 Threat of substitutes
- Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.6 Threat of rivalry
- Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
- 7.7 Market condition
- Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029
8 Market Segmentation by Type
- 8.1 Market segments
- Chart on Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Type - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.2 Comparison by Type
- Chart on Comparison by Type
- Data Table on Comparison by Type
- 8.3 FLA batteries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on FLA batteries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on FLA batteries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on FLA batteries - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on FLA batteries - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.4 VRLA batteries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on VRLA batteries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on VRLA batteries - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on VRLA batteries - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on VRLA batteries - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 8.5 Market opportunity by Type
- Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ million)
9 Market Segmentation by Application
- 9.1 Market segments
- Chart on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Application - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.2 Comparison by Application
- Chart on Comparison by Application
- Data Table on Comparison by Application
- 9.3 Automotive - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Automotive - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Automotive - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Automotive - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Automotive - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.4 Industrial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Industrial - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Industrial - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.5 Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 9.6 Market opportunity by Application
- Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
10 Customer Landscape
- 10.1 Customer landscape overview
- Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
11 Geographic Landscape
- 11.1 Geographic segmentation
- Chart on Market share by geography - 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Market share by geography - 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.2 Geographic comparison
- Chart on Geographic comparison
- Data Table on Geographic comparison
- 11.3 Thailand - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Thailand - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Thailand - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Thailand - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Thailand - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.4 Malaysia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Malaysia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Malaysia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Malaysia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Malaysia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.5 Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Indonesia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Indonesia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.6 Singapore - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Singapore - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Singapore - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Singapore - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Singapore - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.7 Rest of Southeast Asia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
- Chart on Rest of Southeast Asia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Data Table on Rest of Southeast Asia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
- Chart on Rest of Southeast Asia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- Data Table on Rest of Southeast Asia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
- 11.8 Market opportunity by geography
- Market opportunity by geography ($ million)
- Data Table on Market opportunity by geography ($ million)
12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints
- 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
- Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
- 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints
13 Competitive Landscape
- 13.2 Competitive Landscape
- Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
- 13.3 Landscape disruption
- Overview on factors of disruption
- 13.4 Industry risks
- Impact of key risks on business
14 Competitive Analysis
- 14.2 Company ranking index
- 14.3 Market positioning of companies
- Matrix on companies position and classification
- 14.4 Accumulatorenwerke HOPPECKE Carl Zoellner and Sohn GmbH
- Accumulatorenwerke HOPPECKE Carl Zoellner and Sohn GmbH - Overview
- Accumulatorenwerke HOPPECKE Carl Zoellner and Sohn GmbH - Product / Service
- Accumulatorenwerke HOPPECKE Carl Zoellner and Sohn GmbH - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.5 C and D Technologies Inc.
- C and D Technologies Inc. - Overview
- C and D Technologies Inc. - Product / Service
- C and D Technologies Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.6 East Penn Manufacturing Co. Inc.
- East Penn Manufacturing Co. Inc. - Overview
- East Penn Manufacturing Co. Inc. - Product / Service
- East Penn Manufacturing Co. Inc. - Key news
- East Penn Manufacturing Co. Inc. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.7 EnerSys
- EnerSys - Overview
- EnerSys - Business segments
- EnerSys - Key news
- EnerSys - Key offerings
- EnerSys - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.8 Exide Industries Ltd.
- Exide Industries Ltd. - Overview
- Exide Industries Ltd. - Product / Service
- Exide Industries Ltd. - Key news
- Exide Industries Ltd. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.9 Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd.
- Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. - Key news
- Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.10 GS Yuasa International Ltd.
- GS Yuasa International Ltd. - Overview
- GS Yuasa International Ltd. - Business segments
- GS Yuasa International Ltd. - Key news
- GS Yuasa International Ltd. - Key offerings
- GS Yuasa International Ltd. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.11 Hankook Tire and Technology Co. Ltd.
- Hankook Tire and Technology Co. Ltd. - Overview
- Hankook Tire and Technology Co. Ltd. - Product / Service
- Hankook Tire and Technology Co. Ltd. - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.12 Johnson Controls International Plc
- Johnson Controls International Plc - Overview
- Johnson Controls International Plc - Business segments
- Johnson Controls International Plc - Key news
- Johnson Controls International Plc - Key offerings
- Johnson Controls International Plc - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.13 Panasonic Holdings Corp.
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Overview
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Business segments
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Key news
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Key offerings
- Panasonic Holdings Corp. - Segment focus
- SWOT
- 14.14 PT Century Batteries Indonesia
- PT Century Batteries Indonesia - Overview
- PT Century Batteries Indonesia - Product / Service
- PT Century Batteries Indonesia - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.15 PT New Indobatt Energy Nusantara
- PT New Indobatt Energy Nusantara - Overview
- PT New Indobatt Energy Nusantara - Product / Service
- PT New Indobatt Energy Nusantara - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.16 PT Selatan Jadi Jaya
- PT Selatan Jadi Jaya - Overview
- PT Selatan Jadi Jaya - Product / Service
- PT Selatan Jadi Jaya - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.17 PT. Tri Mega Baterindo
- PT. Tri Mega Baterindo - Overview
- PT. Tri Mega Baterindo - Product / Service
- PT. Tri Mega Baterindo - Key offerings
- SWOT
- 14.18 PT Trimitra Baterai Prakasa
- PT Trimitra Baterai Prakasa - Overview
- PT Trimitra Baterai Prakasa - Product / Service
- PT Trimitra Baterai Prakasa - Key offerings
- SWOT
15 Appendix
- 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
- Inclusions checklist
- Exclusions checklist
- 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
- Currency conversion rates for US$
- 15.4 Research methodology
- 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- Validation techniques employed for market sizing
- 15.9 360 degree market analysis
- 360 degree market analysis
- 15.10 List of abbreviations